In philosophy, generally, any system that confines itself to the data of experience and
excludes a priori or metaphysical speculations. More narrowly, the term designates
the thought of the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798-1857).
As a philosophical ideology and movement, Positivism first assumed its distinctive
features in the work of Comte, who also named and systematized the science of sociology.
It then developed through several stages known by various names, such as Empiriocriticism,
Logical Positivism, and Logical Empiricism, and finally, in the mid-20th century, flowed
into the movement known as Analytic and Linguistic philosophy.
The basic affirmations of Positivism are (1) that all knowledge regarding matters of fact
is based on the "positive" data of
experience, and (2) that beyond the realm of fact is that of pure logic and pure
mathematics, which were already recognized by the Scottish Empiricist and Skeptic David
Hume as concerned with the "relations of ideas" and, in a later phase of
Positivism, were classified as purely formal sciences. On the negative and critical side,
the Positivists became noted for their repudiation of
metaphysics; i.e., of speculation regarding the nature of reality that radically goes
beyond any possible evidence that could either support or refute such
"transcendent" knowledge claims. In its basic ideological posture, Positivism is
thus worldly, secular, antitheological, and antimetaphysical. Strict adherence to the
testimony of observation and experience is the all-important imperative of the
Positivists. This imperative is reflected also in their contributions to ethics and moral
philosophy, and most Positivists have been Utilitarians to the extent that something like
"the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people" was their ethical
maxim. It is notable, in this connection, that Auguste Comte was the founder of a
short-lived religion, in which the object of worship was not the deity of the monotheistic
faiths but humanity.
There are distinct anticipations of Positivism in ancient philosophy. Though the
relationship of Protagoras--a 5th-century-BC
Sophist--for example, to later Positivistic thought was only a distant one, there was a
much more pronounced similarity in the classical Skeptic Sextus Empiricus, who lived at
the turn of the 3rd century AD, and in Pierre Bayle, his 17th-century reviver. Moreover,
the medieval Nominalist William of Ockham had clear affinities with modern Positivism. An
18th-century forerunner who had much in common with the Positivistic antimetaphysics of
the following century was the German thinker Georg Lichtenberg.
Positivism clearly has its proximate roots, however, in the French Enlightenment, which
stressed the clear light of reason, and in the 18th-century British Empiricism,
particularly that of Hume and of Bishop George Berkeley, which stressed the role of sense
experience. Comte was influenced specifically by the Enlightenment Encyclopaedists (such
as Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, and others) and, especially in his social thinking, was
decisively influenced by the founder of French Socialism, Claude-Henri, comte de
Saint-Simon, whose disciple he had been in his early years and from whom the very
designation Positivism stems.
Source: "Positivism" Encyclopędia Britannica Online.
<http://www.eb.com:180/bol/topic?eu=115436&sctn=1>
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Last modified: Friday, March 26, 2004 11:11 AM